PROBLEM MUDHARABAH (Partnership for Results)

problem mudharabah,http://article-boy.blogspot.com/

1.      Definition

In terminology, ie capital owners submit their capital to workers (traders) to be traded, while trading profits that belong together and divided by mutual agreement.
In the event of a loss in trade, the losses are borne entirely by owners of capital. This definition indicates that a left to the workers (trade expert) it is a form of capital, not the benefits such as rental homes.

1.      Legal Basis and Mudharabah

Mudharabah in allow in Islam, because it aims to help each of the investors with an expert in play money. The reason given by the scholars of fiqh on the permissibility of this cooperation is the verse in Surat al-Muzzammil, 73:20, which reads:

"There is no sin for you to seek the gifts (fortune trading results) from your Lord .."

1.      Pillars and Terms Mudharabah

There are different views Hanafi scholars with scholars in establishing harmonious jumhur mudharabah. According to the Hanafi harmonious mudharabah only consent (an expression of capital transfer from the owner) and qabul (expression of approval to receive capital and manage the capital of the merchant). According to scholars harmonious jumhur mudharabah agreement consists of people, capital, profits, employment.

Terms mudaraba:

1)     1.  The person must be competent to act agreement law.

2)   2.    Related to the capital: in the form of money, obviously the amount, in cash, and handed over to the managers of capital

3)    3.   Related to profit: Profit sharing should be clear as a third, a quarter of half.

2.      Distribution Mudharabah

According to scholars of fiqh mudarabah in the two types, namely: Mudharabah muthlaqah (capital surrender unconditionally, without conditions and restrictions) and Mudharabah muqayyadah (transfer of capital to the terms and certain limitations).

3.      End Akad Mudharabah

The scholars of fiqh states that Akad Mudharabah declared void in any of the following:

1.    1.   Each party to declare the contract void, or workers prohibited for legal action against the capital attract capital.

2.     2.  One person died agreement

3.      3. One person lost skills agreement legal act, like crazy.

4.    4.   Capital Similarly, owners of capital before the manaj by workers.

Similarly, mudaraba canceled if the capital was spent by the owners of capital so that no longer are allowed dimanaj (manager) by the worker.

TRANSCULTURAL NURSING CARE OF MUSLIM PATIENTS

TRANSCULTURAL NURSING CARE OF MUSLIM PATIENTS,http://article-boy.blogspot.com/

Islam is a universal religion which teaches its believers in many aspects of life. One of them is how it asks Muslims to keep their lives healthy. However, the point of views of Muslims’ healthy lives might be considered to be unhealthy by non-Muslims. There might be some inconvenient treatments to a Muslim patient. Therefore, it is important for Muslims who live in big cities to have special health carers and Muslim culture should be included in the curriculumof nurse education. There are three important reasons why nurse education needs to incorporate Muslim culture and values in their curriculum.

The first reason in that many of the Islamic practices are seen differently by believers of other religions. Take an example, when Islam suggests that circumcision is an obligation for Muslims, non-Muslims or other cultures may disagree as they say it was dehumanization. Consequently, it could create a bad image of Islam and Muslims. Lastly, some Muslim patients might be treated unfairly in some hospitals in big cities in the world.

Secondly, the health carers who understand the cultural variations among Muslims can nurse the Muslim patients properly. When the Muslim patients want to practice activities based on Islamic teachings, the nurses can help them easily. Besides, they can help neutralize the controversial situation which results from the difference between Islam and other various cultures. In addition, the Muslim patients can also give more information about Islamic culture and values. As a result, there may be less racism as well as less religious bigotry.

The third reason is that the understanding of Muslims’ culture and values can be given through nurse education. In nurse education, cultural sensitivity to the needs of Muslim patients can be achieved through a curriculum that incorporates crosscultural training in its preparatory program for nurse. Crosscultural training for nurses is based on the following assumptions:

Ø  Nursing requires a database of information about culturally determined aspects of health, illness and care.

Ø  Understanding of culture-specific and sensitive nursing care.

Ø  Emphasis on caring acts as universal but taking many forms and variations in different cultures.

Ø  System of treatment and care may already exist in other cultures.

Ø  Attention to the significance of ‘folk system’ and their needs.

Ø  Self-awareness is important.

Ø  Development of sensitivity that one’s own values, if imposed on others, can be offensive and unprofessional.

Based on the facts, it is essential for nurse education to include Muslims’ culture and values in their program.